Cybersecurity skills

ENISA is supporting the EU Member States since 2012 to develop, implement and evaluate their National Cyber Security Strategies (NCSS). Since 2017, all EU Member States have published their own NCSS.

Cybersecurity skills

Cyber security is a continuously changing topic that requires constant training and education. Promoting and developing education and training on cybersecurity and cybersecurity skills development, aimed at citizens, stakeholders and entities is also a requirement of NIS2 Directive that needs to be incorporated into the National Strategies of the EU MS. The development of cybersecurity skills refers to the process of acquiring and enhancing the knowledge, abilities, and expertise needed to protect networks, systems, and data from cyber threats. This involves training individuals in various technical, operational, and strategic areas of cybersecurity to ensure they can effectively prevent, detect, and respond to security incidents.
Based on the European Commission communication on Cybersecurity Skills Academy, Member States should adopt, as part of their national cybersecurity strategies, specific measures in view of mitigating the cybersecurity skills shortage, identifying and better channeling efforts to close the skills gaps and ultimately ensuring a proper implementation of their obligations under the NIS2 Directive.

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Austria
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Belgium
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Bulgaria
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Croatia
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Cyprus
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Czech Republic
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Denmark
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Estonia
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Finland
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France
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Germany
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Greece
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Hungary
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Iceland
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Ireland
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Italy
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Latvia
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Liechtenstein
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Lithuania
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Luxembourg
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Malta
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Netherlands
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Norway
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Poland
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Portugal
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Romania
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Slovakia
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Slovenia
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Spain
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Sweden
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Switzerland
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Croatia

National Coordination Centre (NCC-HR): Croatia's national node in the EU cybersecurity competence network, designated to CARNET, tasked with building cybersecurity capacity and competences. Under the DEP-funded "Deployment of NCC-HR" project, it establishes a Cybersecurity Competence Community, delivers trainings to strengthen capacity and competences, runs "Cyber Meetups" across Croatian counties for SMEs, institutions and academia, and provides funding/support for innovation projects (Cascade Funding). 

Sources: https://nks.hr/ 

"Increasing the number of ICT experts" measure and STEM/ICT scholarships (Digital Croatia Strategy): Croatia's national workforce-supply measure under the Digital Croatia Strategy 2032, addressing the shortage of digital/ICT specialists with a ~EUR 93m measure to increase ICT experts on the labour market plus STEM and ICT scholarships to raise the number of ICT undergraduates and graduates. The national Digital Decade roadmap explicitly calls for more professional training in computing and information sciences "with particular attention to increasing the number of cyber security experts". 

Sources: https://mpudt.gov.hr/digitalna-transformacija/strategija-digitalne-hrvatske-za-razdoblje-do-2032/29168 
https://mpudt.gov.hr/UserDocsImages/RDD/SDURDD-dokumenti/Strategija_Digitalne_Hrvatske_final_v1_EN.pdf 

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Denmark

CyberSkills Denmark: CyberSkills is a national cybersecurity community that connects young people interested in cybersecurity, provides learning resources, career guidance, educational material and networking opportunities.

Sources: https://www.cyberskills.dk/

Open-source search engine (CyberEd.dk): CyberEd.dk is a cybersecurity education search platform supported by NCC-DK that aggregates more than 500 cybersecurity courses and educational programmes for businesses, students and cybersecurity professionals.

Sources: https://www.cybered.dk/
https://ncc-dk.dk/cybered-dk-samler-over-500-cybersikkerhedskurser/

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Hungary

National Coordination Centre Hungary (NCC HU): Hungary's node in the EU cybersecurity competence network, operated by the Special Service for National Security (SSNS). The National Coordination Centre Hungary (NCC HU) supports the Hungarian ecosystem's competence and capacity building, coordinates access to ECCC / Digital Europe / Horizon Europe funding, and runs the free-to-join Hungarian Cybersecurity Competence Community connecting companies, start-ups/SMEs, research institutes, universities, public bodies and civil society. It provides networking, national and European events, R&D/innovation collaboration and funding-opportunity information, explicitly including the development of cybersecurity professionals and talent.

Sources: https://ncc.gov.hu/en/
https://ncc.gov.hu/hirek/kiberkozosseg-jelentkezes/
https://ncc.gov.hu/en/news/application-cybersecurity-competence-community/

National Cybersecurity Skills Strategy & National Cyber Security Centre of Hungary (NCSC HU) training-landscape analysis: Hungary's strategic response to the cyber skills gap. A national Cybersecurity Skills Strategy for Hungary (2025) was developed by IVSZ (Hungarian ICT association) and Ludovika University of Public Service (NKE) under the EU CyberHubs project, based on labour-market and skills-mismatch analysis; it sets priorities for secondary-to-career pathways, aligning training with industry, supporting career transitions and workforce diversity. Complementing it, the National Cyber Security Centre of Hungary (NCSC HU), the national CSIRT, published an analysis of Hungary's school-system cybersecurity training offer, mapping BSc/MSc and specialist programmes to the ENISA European Cybersecurity Skills Framework (ECSF) role profiles to help decision-makers, providers, applicants and employers.

Sources: https://nki.gov.hu/it-biztonsag/elemzesek/kiberbiztonsagi-kepzesek-magyarorszagon/
https://cyberhubs.eu/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Final-version-D2.3-Cybersecurity-skills-strategies-Hungary.pdf
https://nki.gov.hu/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Kiberbiztonsagi-kepzesek-Magyarorszagon.pdf

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Netherlands

Cybersecurity Learning Communities (CYRCLE): A national programme connecting education, research, business and public partners to strengthen SME cyber resilience while developing new cybersecurity talent. In 2026, CYRCLE received €1 million and is implemented through four regional clusters led by five universities of applied sciences.

Source: https://regieorgaan-sia.nl/financiering/cybersecurity-learning-communities/ 

Mijn cyberweerbare zaak (MCZ): The RVO subsidy supported small businesses and self-employed entrepreneurs to implement practical cybersecurity measures, including awareness training. The 2025 round reimbursed 50% of eligible costs up to €1,250 and closed on 31 October 2025; the scheme is currently closed. 

Source: https://www.rvo.nl/subsidies-financiering/mcz