To shape our understanding of the cyber threat landscape and the dynamics at work, ENISA collected and analysed incidents and events observed from 1 January to 31 December 2025 for this new edition of the Threat Landscape. The 2025 cyber threat…
This edition of the ENISA NIS360 report is the third to assess the cybersecurity maturity and criticality of all sectors of high criticality as identified under Annex I of the NIS2 directive. The assessment covers the entire ecosystem of a sector…
This report provides technical guidance to support the implementation of the NIS2 Directive for several types of entities in the NIS2 digital infrastructure, ICT service management and digital providers sectors. The cybersecurity requirements for…
This report on one hand analyses the eIDAS requirements with regard to the standards, on the other analyses currently available standards and compares the results of both analyses. Such a mapping is oriented at the requirements specified in the…
In response to the European Union’s Cybersecurity Strategy, the CSCG has published a White Paper with recommendations on digital security. The CSCG’s recommendations underline the importance of Cybersecurity standardisation to complete the…
The analysis conducted for this study, based on the interviews with subject matter experts and review of available studies, shows that, despite rising concerns on information security risks, the level of SMEs information security and privacy…
The use of cloud computing technologies is gaining increased popularity and quickly becoming the norm. At the same time, the cloud service providers (CSP) are not always able to keep up the pace with new technologies. This also affects forensic…
This report proposes six strategies and twelve recommended actions as an escalated approach that targets the most important aspects detected to be critical for (i) improving the website authentication market in Europe and (ii) successfully…
Despite a number of initiatives within the European Network and Information Security community to establish frameworks and standard operating procedures, the EU-level response to cyber incidents, and in particular these which lead to crisis…
This report aims at developing a methodology that allows to compare different Privacy Enhancing Tech-nologies (PETs) with regard to their maturity, i.e., their technology readiness and their quality concerning the provided privacy notion. The…
As several years have passed since the publication and implementation of the Framework Directive 2009/140 including Art. 13a, an impact evaluation of the new article was necessary. The evaluation has the purpose of assessing the changes in…
Measuring the impact of incidents has become one of the toughest challenges nowadays, given the multitude of factors/indicators that must be taken into consideration. To address this issue, indicators are used, accompanied by thresholds, to…
The study aims at identifying the key security challenges that the companies are facing when implementing Big Data solutions, from infrastructures to analytics applications, and how those are mitigated. The analysis focuses on the use of Big Data…
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