Publications

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ENISA Threat Landscape 2025

Through a more threat-centric approach and further contextual analysis, this latest edition of the ENISA Threat Landscape analyses 4875 incidents over a period spanning from 1 July 2024 to 30 June 2025. At its core, this report provides an…

NIS Investments 2025

The annual NIS Investments report presents the findings of a study conducted by ENISA to explore how cybersecurity policy
translates in practice across organisations in the EU and its effects on their investments, resources, and operations.…

NIS2 Technical Implementation Guidance

This report provides technical guidance to support the implementation of the NIS2 Directive for several types of entities in the NIS2 digital infrastructure, ICT service management and digital providers sectors. The…

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5G Supplement - to the Guideline on Security Measures under the EECC

This document contains a 5G technology profile which supplements the technology-neutral Guideline on Security Measures under the EECC. The document gives additional guidance to competent national authorities about how to ensure implementation and…

Cybersecurity guide for SMEs - 12 steps to securing your business

The COVID-19 crisis showed how important the Internet and computers in general are for SMEs. In order to thrive in business during the pandemic many SMEs had to take business continuity measures, such as adopting to cloud services, improving…

Cybersecurity for SMEs - Challenges and Recommendations

In response to the COVID19 pandemic, ENISA analysed the ability of SMEs within the EU to cope with the cybersecurity challenges posed by the pandemic and determining good practices to address those challenges. This report provides cybersecurity…

PSIRT Expertise and Capabilities Development

This study focuses on the Sectoral CSIRT and PSIRT capabilities status and development within the Energy and Health sectors as specified within the NIS directive. A desk research has been conducted, followed by a survey which was answered by 7…

Public Consultation on the draft Candidate EUCC Scheme

This report presents the outcome of the public consultation on the first draft of the cybersecurity certification candidate EUCC scheme. The scheme was developed following the request from the European Commission in accordance with Article 48.2 of…

Cybersecurity Certification: Candidate EUCC Scheme V1.1.1

Following the request from the European Commission in accordance with Article 48.2 of the Cybersecurity Act, ENISA has set up an Ad Hoc Working Group to support the preparation of a candidate EU cybersecurity certification scheme as a successor to…

CTF Events

This report addresses the contemporary use of capture-the-flag (CTF) competitions around the world. It first provides background on such competitions, their structure and variations. Analyses of recent competitions is then conducted, comprising an…

Recommendations for the security of CAM

The aim of this report is to provide a high-level overview of the cybersecurity challenges in the CAM sector and to highlight both the concerned CAM actors and associated recommendations. Cybersecurity in the CAM ecosystem is partially standardised…

Post-Quantum Cryptography: Current state and quantum mitigation

This study provides an overview of the current state of affairs on the standardization process of Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC). It presents the 5 main families of PQ algorithms; viz. code-based, isogeny-based, hash-based, lattice-based and…

Cybersecurity Research Directions for the EU’s Digital Strategic Autonomy

The focus of this work is to identify the necessary research priorities to support the EU’s digital strategic autonomy and thus digital sovereignty. In this introductory chapter, we (i) analyse how the terms ‘digital strategic autonomy’ and ‘digital…