Publications

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2024 Report on the State of the Cybersecurity in the Union

This document marks the first report on the state of cybersecurity in the Union, adopted by ENISA in cooperation with the NIS Cooperation Group and the European Commission, in accordance with Article 18 of the Directive (EU) 2022/2555 (…

ENISA Threat Landscape 2024

Seven prime cybersecurity threats were identified in 2024, with threats against availability topping the chart and followed by ransomware and threats against data, and the report provides a relevant deep-dive on each one of them by analysing…

Best Practices for Cyber Crisis Management

This study highlights the complexities behind the notion of cyber crisis and the degree of subjectivity it involves. The elevation of a large-scale cyber incident into a cyber crisis relies predominantly on a political decision, and depends…

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Improving recognition of ICT security standards

This report is a continuation and an extension of previously carried out ENISA work on approaches to the NIS Directive by Member States, which have provided recommendations on standardisation and have outlined the use and management of CSIRTs.

Looking into the crystal ball: A report on emerging technologies and security challenges

The time has come for ENISA to take a look at the crystal ball of technology; In particular looking at what are considered to be emerging technologies and what might be their prospective usage scenarios. Considering emerging technologies and…

Handbook on Security of Personal Data Processing

The overall scope of the report is to provide practical demonstrations and interpretation of the methodological steps of the ENISA’s 2016 guidelines for SMEs on the security of personal data processing. This is performed through specific use cases…

Privacy and data protection in mobile applications

The scope of the report is to provide a meta-study on privacy and data protection in mobile apps by analysing the features of the app development environment that impact privacy and security, as well as defining relevant best-practices, open issues…

Reference Incident Classification Taxonomy

This taxonomy resulted from collaboration initiatives such as the annual ENISA/EC3 Workshop which involved CSIRTs, LEAs, ENISA, and EC3. Other examples include the eCSIRT.net taxonomy2 which was developed in 2003, and the eCSIRT.net mkVI taxonomy3…

Online Tracking and User Protection Mechanisms

ENISA decided to provide a study on online tracking and relevant user protection mechanisms, paying particular attention to user consent, privacy settings and the implementation of the Do-Not-Track (DNT) standard.

Overview of the practices of ICT Certification Laboratories in Europe

This study seeks to identify and analyse the current landscape of ICT security certification laboratories in EU Member States, comparing them also with third countries practices. The findings of this study will constitute the basis for the Agency’s…

Mapping of OES Security Requirements to Specific Sectors

The current report provides a substantial and comprehensive mapping of the security requirements for OES, as they have been agreed in the NISD Cooperation Group, to sector specific information security standards. ENISA conducted desktop research on…

ENISA Threat Landscape Report 2017

2017 was the year in which incidents in the cyberthreat landscape have led to the definitive recognition of some omnipresent facts. We have gained unwavering evidence regarding monetization methods, attacks to democracies, cyber-war, transformation…

eIDAS: Overview on the implementation and uptake of Trust Services

In the context of the eIDAS Regulation, ENISA conducted a study to present an overview of the implementation and uptake of Trust Services defined in the eIDAS Regulation one year after adoption to the new regime, and analyse the new opportunities…