The annual NIS Investments report presents the findings of a study conducted by ENISA to explore how cybersecurity policy translates in practice across organisations in the EU and its effects on their investments, resources, and operations.
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Through a more threat-centric approach and further contextual analysis, this latest edition of the ENISA Threat Landscape analyses 4875 incidents over a period spanning from 1 July 2024 to 30 June 2025. At its core, this report provides an…
This report provides technical guidance to support the implementation of the NIS2 Directive for several types of entities in the NIS2 digital infrastructure, ICT service management and digital providers sectors. The cybersecurity requirements for…
Data Protection Engineering can be perceived as part of data protection by Design and by Default. It aims to support the selection, deployment and configuration of appropriate technical and organizational measures in order to satisfy specific…
The maintenance of continuity in social life, businesses and administration has accelerated the reflection on the possibility of a need for such decentralised electronic identity. This report explores the potential of self-sovereign identity (SSI…
Remote identity proofing is a crucial element in creating trust for digital services. The present study analyses the collection and validation of evidence provided by the applicant to complete the verification of his or her identity. More…
This report presents the results of desktop research and the analysis of currently used
cybersecurity Risk Management (RM) frameworks and methodologies with the potential
for interoperability. The identification of the most prominent RM…
Based on a systematic review of relevant literature on machine learning, in this report we provide a taxonomy for machine learning algorithms, highlighting core functionalities and critical stages. The report also presents a detailed analysis of…
In this study, we give an overview of how SIM-Swapping attacks work, list measures that providers can take to mitigate the attack and make recommendations for policy makers and authorities in the telecom sector and other sectors. Security of…
This leaflet, addresses the SIM-swapping attacks, how to recognise them and how to mitigate the risk connected to this fraud. In fact, subscriber Identity Module (SIM) swapping is a legitimate procedure performed by a customer to change their SIM…
This report seeks to assist EU Member States in further building their cybersecurity capacities by analysing best practices on raising citizens’ awareness of cybersecurity. We have collected information and evaluated the intensity, regularity and…
This report aims to highlight the most relevant foresight methods based on ubiquity or suitability to ENISA’s core needs to adequately address future cybersecurity threats and shape a more secure society. In fact, foresight enables reflection on…
An attack directed at a critical infrastructure, such as a hospital, can lead to physical damages and put the lives of patients at risk. Therefore, there is a need for solid Incident Response Capabilities (IRC) in the health sector, in particular…
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