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2024 Report on the State of the Cybersecurity in the Union

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This document marks the first report on the state of cybersecurity in the Union, adopted by ENISA in cooperation with the NIS Cooperation Group and the European Commission, in accordance with Article 18 of the Directive (EU) 2022/2555 (…

ENISA Threat Landscape 2024

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ENISA Threat Landscape (ETL) report is an annual report on the status of the cybersecurity threat landscape that identifies prime threats, major trends observed with respect to threats, threat actors and attack techniques, and also describes…

Best Practices for Cyber Crisis Management

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This study highlights the complexities behind the notion of cyber crisis and the degree of subjectivity it involves. The elevation of a large-scale cyber incident into a cyber crisis relies predominantly on a political decision, and depends…

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7 Steps to shore up the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

In this paper ENISA highlights the security vulnerabilities of BGP and explains why it is so important to address them. Working closely with experts from industry ENISA derived a shortlist of 7 basic BGP security measures which are industry good…
Private Sector

Cybersecurity Culture Guidelines: 'Technical Annex: Evidence Reviews'

This technical annex contains the four reviews that supported the writing of the report Review of “Behavioural Sciences Research in the Field of Cybersecurity”. The reviews are: 1. Measurement of cyber security attitudes and behaviours, 2.…
Private Sector

Guidance and gaps analysis for European standardisation

This study aims to a) explore how the standards-developing world is responding to the fast-changing, demanding realm of privacy by mapping existing available standards and initiatives in the area and b) provide insights on the “state-of-the-art” of…
National / EU authorities

ICT security certification opportunities in the healthcare sector

The scope of this report covers functional requirements for a potential ICT security certification scheme for a widely understood healthcare sector.
Private Sector

Good practices on the implementation of regulatory technical standards

MS approaches on PSD 2 implementation: commonalities in risk management and incident reporting - The main objective of this study is to identify the differences introduced by Member States in the implementation of the PSD2. In particular, the aim is…
Private Sector

Analysis of the European R&D priorities in cybersecurity

The present document provides a series of recommendations for the priorities in the EU for R&D in the domain of ICT security made after analysis of a wide series of interviews with domain experts. The proposed research priorities have the aim to…
National / EU authorities

Good practices on interdependencies between OES and DSPs

This study is concerned with dependencies and interdependencies among Operators of Essential Services (OES) and Digital Service Providers (DSPs) as defined in the NIS Directive and addresses emerging dependencies and interdependencies across sectors…
National / EU authoritiesPrivate Sector

Guidelines on assessing DSP security and OES compliance with the NISD security requirements

This report presents the steps of an information security audit process for the OES compliance, as well as of a self-assessment/ management framework for the DSP security against the security requirements set by the NIS Directive. In addition, it…
National / EU authoritiesPrivate Sector
signalling security in telecom ss7 diameter 5g

Signalling Security in Telecom SS7/Diameter/5G

The present study has deep dived into a critical area within electronic communications, the security of interconnections in electronic communications (signalling security). Based on the analysis, at this moment there is a medium to high level of…
Private Sector

Improving recognition of ICT security standards

This report is a continuation and an extension of previously carried out ENISA work on approaches to the NIS Directive by Member States, which have provided recommendations on standardisation and have outlined the use and management of CSIRTs.
National / EU authorities